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TC Watch / 熱帶氣旋 > Selected TC Review / 重要熱帶氣旋回顧 > 202008W (HIGOS 海高斯) [Refresh 更新]

202008W (HIGOS 海高斯) - Profile 檔案

(First draft issued on August 21, 2020; final version issued on November 18, 2020)
(初稿於 2020 年 8 月 21 日發出，最後版本於 2020 年 11 月 18 日上載)

Brief profile of HIGOS | 海高斯小檔案:

^ Based on real-time measurements, this wind speed likely underestimated HIGOS's peak strength, while the minimum pressure was overestimated.
^ 根據實時觀測數據，此風速似乎低估海高斯的巔峰強度，而最低氣壓則被高估。

TC signals in Hong Kong* 香港曾經生效的熱帶氣旋警告*:

Signal 信號	Date and time 日期和時間	Distance from HK 與香港的距離	Predicted movement 預測移動趨勢	Max. 10-min winds 中心最高十分鐘平均風速
	2020/08/18 (TUE) 03:40 HKT	ESE 520 km	WNW at 28 km/h	45 km/h (25 knots, TD)
	2020/08/18 (TUE) 14:20 HKT	SE 280 km	WNW at 20 km/h	75 km/h (40 knots, TS)
	2020/08/18 (TUE) 22:40 HKT	S 110 km	NW/WNW at 20 km/h	90 km/h (50 knots, STS)
	2020/08/19 (WED) 01:30 HKT	SSW 90 km	NW/WNW at 20 km/h	120 km/h (65 knots, T)
	2020/08/19 (WED) 07:40 HKT	W 100 km	NW/WNW at 20 km/h	130 km/h (70 knots, T)
	2020/08/19 (WED) 11:10 HKT	W 150 km	NW/WNW at 25 km/h	90 km/h (50 knots, STS)
	2020/08/19 (WED) 13:20 HKT	WNW 190 km	NW/WNW at 25 km/h	65 km/h (35 knots, TS)

*Based on the information from real-time tropical cyclone warning bulletins.
*根據實時熱帶氣旋警報資料。

Percentile Ranks 百分等級:

IR imagery animation 紅外線雲圖動畫:

TC track from HKWW 本站的熱帶氣旋路徑圖:

TC track from HKO 天文台的熱帶氣旋路徑圖:

TC track with signal information 附有熱帶氣旋警告信號資料的路徑圖:

(Track figure courtesy of Lorenzo. Data from HKO. 鳴謝 Lorenzo 提供路徑圖，資料取自天文台)

Past HKWW Bulletins 本站發佈

Please click here for bulletins on this tropical cyclone. 請按這裡。

Storm Development Overview 風暴發展概覽

Unless otherwise stated, all times below are in Hong Kong Standard Time (UTC+8)
除非特別註明，下文時間均為香港標準時間 (協調世界時加 8 小時)

A tropical disturbance (99W) persisted east of Luzon on August 16. It had a clear banding feature that afternoon, but its convections diminished in the night as the system drifted northwest towards the northeastern edge of Luzon. At that time, the subtropical ridge was positioned northeast of the disturbance, with its centre in western Japan. Several numerical models predicted the disturbance to travel west to west-northwest in northern South China Sea, moving towards western Guangdong. Essentially none of the models predicted significant development beyond a tropical storm. The NMC of China upgraded the disturbance into a tropical depression at 5 pm that day.

99W remained disorganized in the morning of August 17. The JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert at 8 am, as the disturbance made its way through the Luzon Strait. Its structure improved during the day and convective bursts developed near its centre. The JMA issued a gale warning at 8 pm the same day.

As 99W further developed in the warm South China Sea, the HKO upgraded it into a tropical depression in the small hours of August 18. The JTWC also made the upgrade at that time, giving it the storm number 08W. A few hours later, the JMA upgraded 08W into tropical storm status and named it HIGOS. Numerical models and official agencies mostly pointed its expected landfall position near Yangjiang in western Guangdong.

During the day of August 18, HIGOS could be seen developing rapidly. Various factors such as high sea temperatures, minimal vertical wind shear and decent upper-level divergence contributed to the intensification. HIGOS's convections expanded in size in the early afternoon, especially in the northern and eastern sides. The storm also took a more northerly course than previously expected. The NMC upgraded HIGOS into a severe tropical storm at 5 pm and further into a typhoon at 8 pm, likely based on observations at a nearby oil platform which reported sustained hurricane force winds. The HKO upgraded the storm later, first into a severe tropical storm at 7 pm, and into a typhoon at 1 am August 19.

HIGOS deflected slightly towards the west between 8 pm August 18 and midnight August 19, but resumed a northwesterly course after midnight until its landfall. Deep convections developed further near HIGOS's core in the small hours of August 19; it was only at this time that the JMA upgraded HIGOS into a severe tropical storm. The JTWC assessed HIGOS as a 60-knot (111 km/h) system in its track record, still somewhat underestimated based on local observations.

HIGOS made landfall as a typhoon in the Jinwan district of Zhuhai city, about 30 km west-southwest of Macau, near 6 am. The storm moved northwest steadily inland, and weakened rapidly due to its small size. It was estimated to be of tropical storm strength near noon. HIGOS moved into Guangxi province at around 6 pm, and weakened further into an area of low pressure near midnight.

一個熱帶擾動 (99W) 於 8 月 16 日在呂宋以東出現，下午時份其旋捲性明顯，但晚間其對流有所減少，並逐漸移至呂宋東北角。那時候，副熱帶高壓脊位於該擾動東北方，中心於日本西部一帶。部分數值模式預料該擾動於南海北部向西至西北偏西移動，趨向廣東西部，它們當中幾乎沒有一個估計該系統能發展成較熱帶風暴強的氣旋。中國中央氣象台於當天下午 5 時將 99W 升格為熱帶低氣壓。

8 月 17 日早上，99W 的結構仍然較為鬆散。聯合颱風警報中心於上午 8 時發出熱帶氣旋形成警報，當時該擾動正橫過呂宋海峽。99W 的結構於日間有所改善，近中心有對流爆發，日本氣象廳於下午 8 時發出烈風警告。

隨著 99W 於溫暖的南海中進一步發展，香港天文台於 8 月 18 日凌晨將其升格為熱帶低氣壓。聯合颱風警報中心亦於同時間作出升格，並給予風暴編號 08W。數小時後，日本氣象廳將 08W 升格為熱帶風暴，並命名為海高斯。數值模式及官方氣象台大多預計海高斯將登陸陽江一帶的廣東西部地區。

受惠於高海溫、極低垂直風切變及良好高空輻散等因素，海高斯於 8 月 18 日快速發展。風暴的對流於下午初段有所擴展，尤以其北面及東面為甚，而風暴移向亦較預期偏北。中央氣象台於下午 5 時升格海高斯為強烈熱帶風暴，並於下午 8 時升格為颱風，這似乎是因為風暴中心附近的油台於晚間初段錄得颶風風速。天文台升格時序較中央氣象台遲，於下午 7 時將海高斯升格為強烈熱帶風暴，並至 19 日上午 1 時才升格為颱風。值得留意的是位於天文台以南 50 多公里的黃茅洲於午夜過後開始錄得持續颶風，並維持數小時之久。天文台或參考此觀測數據而作出升格。

海高斯的移向於 18 日下午 8 時至 19 日午夜左右略為西偏，但隨後回復向西北移動直至登陸。19 日凌晨，海高斯中心附近發展出深層對流，日本氣象廳此時才將其升格為強烈熱帶風暴。至於聯合颱風警報中心則於其路徑紀錄中估計海高斯強度達 60 節 (每小時 111 公里)；如根據實測數據，此數字仍然低估其強度。

海高斯於上午 6 時過後登陸澳門西南偏西約 30 公里的珠海市金灣區，登陸時仍為颱風級。風暴於陸上穩定向西北移動，並因尺度較小而快速減弱，至中午左右估計只有熱帶風暴強度。海高斯於下午約 6 時移入廣西省，並於午夜前後減弱為低壓區。

Weather in Hong Kong During Approach 風暴影響時香港天氣狀況

Link to relevant HKO weather report bulletins: 18/8 ● 19/8
香港天文台相關天氣報告連結：18/8 ● 19/8

In Hong Kong, HIGOS is the first tropical cyclone to necessitate the #9 Increasing Gale or Storm signal since Super Typhoon MANGKHUT in 2018, and the first to top out at the #9 Signal since Typhoon MOLAVE in 2009. The storm necessitated the #10 Signal in Macau. As the storm moved closer towards the Pearl River Delta and intensified at a quicker rate than forecast, this outcome was largely unexpected.

There were some sunny intervals and showers on August 17. The HKO issued the #1 Standby Signal at 3:40 am August 18 as it upgraded HIGOS into a tropical depression, when the system was about 520 km from Hong Kong. HIGOS's outermost rainbands reached Hong Kong in the morning. The HKO indicated that HIGOS would skirt within 200 km from Hong Kong that night and in the next morning, and would consider issuing the #3 Strong Wind Signal between 2 pm and 4 pm. The #3 signal was issued at 2:20 pm, at which point HIGOS had moved to about 280 km southeast of Hong Kong.

Showers became more frequent after the issuance of the #3 Signal as another rainband struck the territory. Most places saw an increase in wind speed between 3 pm and 4 pm. Seeing the possibility for HIGOS to intensify further and edge closer to Hong Kong, the HKO mentioned that it would consider issuing the #8 Signal between 10 pm and midnight as early as in its 5 pm bulletin. Due to the worsening weather conditions, the handling of empty cargoes at the container terminal was suspended at 6 pm.

Except at Waglan Island whose winds had been hovering near the gale force threshold since 3 pm, local winds were still generally moderate by sunset. East to northeasterly winds at Cheung Chau, Green Island and Tate's Cairn were at the strong force level, and weaker at other places. However, HIGOS had already moved to 150 km south-southeast of Hong Kong by 8 pm. The HKO issued the Pre-No. 8 Special Announcement at 8:40 pm, suggesting that the #8 Signal would be issued by 10:40 pm the latest. Local ferry services were gradually suspended between 10 pm August 18 and midnight August 19, while bus and train services generally remained normal until the end of operation for the day.

After the two-hour warning period, the #8 Northeast Gale or Storm Signal was issued at 10:40 pm. HIGOS was situated at around 110 km south of Hong Kong, clearly visible on radar images. Its rainbands continued to swept across Hong Kong and the Amber Rainstorm Warning was issued at 11:20 pm due to the incessant rain. As the new moon happened on August 19 and an astronomical high tide was predicted near 9 am that morning, the HKO also warned of possible flooding in low-lying areas at that time due to the storm surge.

Winds turned east after midnight. The windspeed differential across Hong Kong was significant, with gales or near gale force winds in southern parts of Hong Kong (such as Cheung Chau, Peng Chau, Stanley and Waglan Island) but light to moderate winds in the northwestern parts (such as Chek Lap Kok, Lau Fau Shan and Sha Chau). HIGOS moved northwest after midnight and its eyewall could be seen developing in radar images. The HKO mentioned that the #8 Signal would remain in force for a period of time in the morning, and that HIGOS would be closest to Hong Kong within the next couple of hours.

Without prior indication of an impending signal change, the HKO issued the #9 Increasing Gale or Storm Signal at 1:30 am, placing emphasis on the western parts of Hong Kong as the wind direction began to veer from the northeast to southeast. HIGOS was about 90 km south-southwest of the HKO at that time. The time elapsed between the issuances of the #1 and #9 signals -- 21 hours 50 minutes -- is the fourth shortest on record. Over the next three hours, winds in Hong Kong strengthened; storm force winds were recorded at Cheung Chau and Waglan Island, while stations such as Chek Lap Kok, Sha Chau, Stanley, Tap Mun, Tate's Cairn (storm force winds were briefly recorded there before the #9 Signal was issued) recorded gale force winds. The strongest winds during the night were recorded at Cheung Chau; at 108 km/h, the maximum sustained wind speed there was 10 km/h below the hurricane force threshold. HIGOS reached its closest point to Hong Kong near 5 am, passing at a distance of about 80 km from the HKO.

Being much closer to the storm centre, Macau saw a more dramatic surge in wind speed; winds there were generally below strong force at midnight, and only at strong force level by 3 am. However, as HIGOS's eastern eyewall hit the city after 5 am, winds strengthened rapidly to hurricane force levels on the bridges linking Macau and Taipa; some other stations also recorded storm force winds. The #10 Signal was issued there between 5 am and 7:30 am.

HIGOS made landfall after 6 am in close proximity to Macau. An appreciable storm surge affected both of Hong Kong and Macau, at a time of increasing tidal levels. However, the water level had ceased to increase before the predicted high tide at 9 am, avoiding a severe flooding episode. In Hong Kong, the ongoing rainfall led to the Landslip Warning being issued at 5:45 am, which remained in force until the afternoon. Winds weakened significantly near daybreak to below gale force levels in most of the territory. The #9 Signal was replaced by the #8 Southeast Gale or Storm Signal at 7:40 am, when HIGOS was about 100 km west of the HKO.

HIGOS weakened quickly after landfall and, as a result, winds in Hong Kong were not that strong when the #8 Signal was in force. It was replaced by the #3 Strong Wind Signal at 11:10 am. The rain that had been affecting Hong Kong throughout the small hours also waned in the morning, and the Amber Rainstorm Warning was cancelled at 10:50 am. As local transport services resumed, commuters gradually returned to the workplace in the early afternoon. The #3 Signal was short-lived; it was cancelled at 1:20 pm. The weather remained unstable in the afternoon, but the rain eventually stopped at night. A total of 119.5 mm of rain was recorded at the HKO on August 19.

During HIGOS's approach, more than 50 reports of fallen trees and 2 cases of flooding were received by the government. 7 people were injured and sought medical assistance at public hospitals. A Pakistani man who went hiking in Ma On Shan with a friend in the afternoon of August 19 slipped into a pool and was washed away; the man was found unconscious downstream more than an hour later, and was pronounced dead in hospital.

在香港，海高斯是自 2018 年超級颱風山竹襲港以來首次發出九號烈風或暴風風力增強信號，亦是自 2009 年颱風莫拉菲以來首次發出九號但最終沒有發出十號颶風信號，而澳門則於海高斯靠近期間發出十號風球。由於風暴較預測更為接近珠江口，且增強速度較快，因此這結果屬預期之外。

8 月 17 日本港短暫時間有陽光，亦有幾陣驟雨。天文台於 18 日上午 3 時 40 分升格海高斯為熱帶低氣壓，同時發出一號戒備信號，當時海高斯距港約 520 公里。海高斯的最外圍雨帶於早上到達香港，天文台表示海高斯將於當晚及翌早於香港 200 公里內掠過，並將於下午 2 至 4 時改發三號強風信號。該信號於下午 2 時 20 分發出，海高斯已移至香港東南約 280 公里。

三號信號發出後，另一條雨帶橫過香港，驟雨變得更為頻密，而大多數地區風勢於下午 3 至 4 時增強。由於海高斯或將進一步增強並靠近香港，天文台早於下午 5 時已預告將於下午 10 時至午夜改發八號信號。因應天氣轉壞，貨櫃碼頭於下午 6 時開始暫停吉櫃交收。

除橫欄島已於下午 3 時開始風速徘徊在烈風下限外，本地風勢至日落時仍然較為和緩。長洲、青洲及大老山吹強風程度的東至東北風，其他地方風勢較弱。可是，海高斯於下午 8 時已移至香港東南偏南約 150 公里。天文台於下午 8 時 40 分發出預警八號熱帶氣旋警告信號之特別報告，表示八號信號將最遲於下午 10 時 40 分發出。本地渡輪服務於 18 日下午 10 時至 19 日午夜逐漸停駛，而巴士及鐵路服務普遍維持至正常尾班車時間。

兩小時預警期過後，天文台於下午 10 時 40 分改發八號東北烈風或暴風信號。海高斯集結於香港以南約 110 公里，可於雷達圖上清楚見到。風暴的雨帶繼續掃過香港，雨勢未有停止，黃色暴雨警告信號於下午 11 時 20 分發出。由於 19 日時值新月，預計早上 9 時左右會有天文大潮，天文台亦警告低窪地區或因風暴潮而出現水浸。

午夜過後風向漸轉偏東，香港各區風勢有明顯分別，南部如長洲、坪洲、赤柱及橫欄島等地正吹或接近吹烈風，但西北部如赤鱲角、流浮山及沙洲風勢只有輕微至和緩水平。海高斯於午夜後向西北移動，於雷達圖上可見其風眼發展。天文台指出八號信號將於早上維持一段時間，而海高斯會於未來數小時最接近香港。

在未有預示信號改變的情況下，天文台於上午 1 時 30 分改發九號烈風或暴風風力增強信號，並特別指出西部地區風勢較大，而風向正由東北轉為東南。海高斯當時位於天文台西南偏南約 90 公里。由發出一號信號至改發九號信號間只共歷時 21 小時 50 分鐘，是有紀錄以來第四短。信號發出後的三小時，本港風勢進一步增強；長洲及橫欄島吹暴風，至於吹烈風的地區包括赤鱲角、沙洲、赤柱、塔門及大老山 (該站曾於九號信號發出前短暫吹暴風) 等。整晚最強的風勢於長洲錄得，該地持續風速達每小時 108 公里，較颶風下限低每小時 10 公里。海高斯於上午 5 時左右最接近香港，於天文台西南偏西約 80 公里處掠過。

由於澳門較接近風暴中心，該地的風速轉變亦更為急劇。午夜時澳門風勢普遍未達強風水平，至上午 3 時才吹強風。但是，隨著海高斯東面的眼牆於上午 5 時過後掃過澳門，連接澳門及氹仔的三條大橋風速均急速上升至颶風程度，而其餘部分地點亦錄得暴風。該地十號風球於上午 5 時至 7 時 30 分生效。

上午 6 時過後，海高斯於離澳門不遠處登陸。早上潮水水位上升，港澳均受風暴潮影響。可是，水位於上午 9 時的預測大潮時間前已經停止上漲，兩地得以避過嚴重水浸。香港方面，由於雨勢持續，天文台於上午 5 時 45 分發出山泥傾瀉警告，至下午才取消。破曉時份風勢明顯減弱至烈風程度以下，九號信號於上午 7 時 40 分被八號東南烈風或暴風信號取代，海高斯當時位於天文台以西約 100 公里。

登陸後，海高斯快速減弱，因此八號信號生效時本港風勢並不太強。該信號於上午 11 時 10 分被三號強風信號取代。徹夜影響本港的大雨亦於早上轉弱，黃色暴雨警告於上午 10 時 50 分取消。隨著本地交通服務恢復，市民於下午早段逐漸返回工作崗位。三號信號生效時間較短，於下午 1 時 20 分被取消。當天下午天氣仍然不穩定，但雨勢大致於晚間停止， 8 月 19 日整天天文台共錄得 119.5 毫米雨量。

海高斯影響香港期間，政府接獲超過 50 宗塌樹及兩宗水浸報告，而 7 人因風暴受傷而到公立醫院求醫。一名巴基斯坦籍男子於 8 月 19 日下午與朋友到馬鞍山郊遊，期間失足跌入潭中並被沖走，一個多小時後被發現於下游昏迷，送院後證實不治。

Image Gallery 圖片庫

Figure 1 - Satellite image of HIGOS before its formation, as tropical disturbance 99W
圖 1 - 海高斯形成前、熱帶擾動 99W 的衛星雲圖

Figure 2 - Numerical model forecasts: GFS at 8 am August 16 (left); ECMWF at 8 pm August 15 (right) (Images from tropicaltidbits and weather.us)
圖 2 - 數值預報模式預測：GFS (左、8 月 16 日上午 8 時)；ECMWF (右、8 月 15 日下午 8 時) (圖片取自 tropicaltidbits 及 weather.us)

Figure 3 - Vertical wind shear (above) and steering flow (below) distribution at 8 am August 18
圖 3 - 8 月 18 日上午 8 時之垂直風切變 (上) 及駛流場 (下) 分佈圖

Figure 4 - HKO's track forecast at 9 am August 18
圖 4 - 8 月 18 日上午 9 時香港天文台之預測路徑圖

Figure 5 - Forecast tracks from various official agencies at 8 pm August 18
圖 5 - 8 月 18 日下午 8 時各官方氣象台之預測路徑

Figure 6 - Wind field analysis at 8:16 pm August 18. Note that winds were stronger in HIGOS's northern and eastern sides, but the scan was unable to detect any storm force winds.
圖 6 - 8 月 18 日下午 8 時 16 分之風場掃描圖，留意海高斯北方及東方風勢較強，而風場掃描未能偵測到暴風。

Figure 7 - HKO's forecast track and estimated wind circles at 5 am August 19. Macau was within the hurricane force wind area at that time.
圖 7 - 8 月 19 日上午 5 時香港天文台之預測路徑及估計風圈圖，當時澳門正處於颶風圈內。

Figure 8 - Satellite images of HIGOS at 5 am (left) and 7 am (right, from weather-models.info) August 19. HIGOS had a sturdy core at landfall.
圖 8 - 8 月 19 日上午 5 時 (左) 及 7 時 (右、取自 weather-models.info) 之衛星雲圖，海高斯登陸時中心結構扎實。

Figure 9 - Radar images at 3-hour intervals from 5 pm August 18 to 8 am August 19
圖 9 - 8 月 18 日下午 5 時至 19 日上午 8 時每三小時之雷達圖

Figure 10 - Illustration of HIGOS's hurricane force wind area in relation to key locations of interest (click here for the English version of the diagram)
圖 10 - 海高斯的颶風範圍與部分地點之示意圖

Figure 11 - Local wind distribution maps at 3-hour intervals from 5 pm August 18 to 8 am August 19
圖 11 - 8 月 18 日下午 5 時至 19 日上午 8 時每三小時之本港風勢分布圖

Figure 12 - Wind speed time series at Stanley (Bluff Head), Cheung Chau, Chek Lap Kok and Waglan Island (top to bottom) on August 18-19
圖 12 - 赤柱 (黃麻角)、長洲、赤鱲角及橫欄島 (上至下) 於 8 月 18 至 19 日之風速時間序列圖

Figure 13 - Mean sea-level pressure time series at Cheung Chau (top) and HK Observatory (bottom) on August 18-19
圖 13 - 長洲 (上) 及香港天文台 (下) 於 8 月 18 至 19 日之平均海平面氣壓時間序列圖

Figure 14 - Time series of recorded versus predicted tide at Tai O
圖 14 - 大澳之實測及預測潮水高度時間序列圖

Figure 15 - Wind speed time series at the Governador Nobre de Carvalho (Macau-Taipa) Bridge (top) and mean sea-level pressure time series at the University of Macau (bottom), August 18-19 (Images from the SMG)
圖 15 - 8 月 18 至 19 日澳門嘉樂庇總督大橋之風速 (上) 及澳門大學之平均海平面氣壓 (下) 時間序列圖 (圖片取自澳門地球物理暨氣象局)

Figure 16 - HIGOS's track near Hong Kong as reported in HKO's hourly tropical cyclone bulletins
圖 16 - 海高斯於香港附近時之路徑，資料來自天文台的每小時熱帶氣旋警報

Figure 17 - Daily rainfall map for August 19
圖 17 - 8 月 19 日之總雨量圖

Winds Recorded at Reference Stations 參考站所錄得的風速

The following table lists the maximum 10-minute average (sustained) wind speed recorded while tropical cyclone signals were in force. On some occasions, it is possible that the strongest winds were not recorded when the highest signal was in force.

下表列出各站於熱帶氣旋警告信號生效時所錄得的最高 10 分鐘平均 (持續) 風速，留意此風速不一定於最高信號生效期間錄得。

Charts and Figures 各項數據

Table 1: Track data from HKWW:
表一 : 香港天氣觀測站之路徑資料

Table 2: Maximum gust and hourly average wind speed recorded in Hong Kong from HKO:
表二 : 香港天文台公佈的各站最高每小時平均風力和陣風數據 (英文)

Table 3: Rainfall (in millimetres) contributed by HIGOS from HKO (figures in brackets are based on incomplete hourly data):
表三 : 香港天文台公佈的各站雨量資料 (英文) (方括號內之數據由不完整之每小時資料擷取)

Last Accessed 最近訪問日期: Sat Apr 27 2024 16:27:26 HKT
Last Modified 最近修訂日期: Mon Jul 24 2023